基于STIRPAT模型的环境压力空间差异分析——以能源消费为例

定量分析区域人文驱动力对环境的影响,对认识我国区域环境压力及其影响因素具有一定的科学意义.利用STIRPAT模型,以人口数量、富裕度为自变量,以能源消费总量为因变量,应用岭回归函数拟合得到环境压力模型.以研究结果为依据.利用Mapinfo7.0 软件分别绘制人口数量和富裕度对环境压力影响的空间差异图.结果显示,不同省份间人口数量和富裕度对环境压力影响存在显著差异.尽管各省份人口数量对环境压力都产生线性正效应影响,但影响强度有明显差异,最大者是最小者的8.079倍.富裕度对环境压力影响,有正效应或者负效应;有线性作用或者弹性作用.30个考察对象中,北京、上海、四川、新疆4个省市的富裕度二次项系数为负,这说明,在数据观测范围内以上4个省市的结果支持富裕度与环境压力间存在倒"U"型环境库兹涅茨曲线的观点;但这4个省市的环境压力并没有出现下降,这是由于各种人文驱动力影响的净效应决定了环境压力变化趋势.人口数量的增长对环境压力的上升存在较强正效应.因此,控制人口数量的速度对改善环境压力将起到关键作用.     

湖北省土地利用结构变化及其驱动机制分析

采用1996～2004年的统计资料,分析了湖北省土地利用结构变化,研究发现全省耕地大幅度减少,其次是未利用地和牧草地;林地则迅速增加,其次为居民点及独立工矿、园地、其他农用地、交通用地和水利设施用地。随后运用典型相关分析法,以湖北省76个县级行政单位为研究单元,进一步对湖北省土地利用结构变化的驱动因子进行了统计分析,定量诊断出各驱动因子对湖北省土地利用结构变化贡献作用的大小。结果显示,湖北省土地利用结构与社会经济因素之间关系可以用4对典型相关变量表示,耕地、居民点及工矿用地、林地、交通用地、水利设施用地的发展变化分别对应于不同的社会经济驱动因子。     

A Methodology Framework for Regional Land-use Change Studies based on Landsat TM images: A Case Study in Northeast China

Abstract

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. This paper analyzed the land- use change in Northeast China during 1985–2000 based on Landsat TM images. It divides Northeast China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree model of land-use: woodland/grassland-arable land conversion zone, dry land-paddy field conversion zone; urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing and reclamation and abandon zone. The findings include the obvious increase of cropland area, paddy field and dry land increased by 75 and 276 thousand hm² respectively; urban areas expanded rapidly, areas of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand hm²; areas of forests and grassland decreased sharply with the amounts of 1399 and 1521 thousand hm² respectively; areas of water body and unused land increased by 148 and 514 thousand hm² respectively. This paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zone and finds that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land-use types. The relation between land-use conversion and DEM, accumulated temperature (≤10°C) and precipitation was analyzed and represented. The land-use changes In Northeast China resulted from the changing macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland-cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land-paddy field conversion zone, apart from the change of physical elements promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of the dietary habit along with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandon zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of farming than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In Northeast China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the existence of a small number of towns and the huge potential for expansion of the existing towns and cities. The urban land expanded mainly in areas with a gentle topographic relief and low population density.     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

Abstract

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ‘Ecological Province’ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

1979—2006年泰安市建成区扩展特征及影响因素分析

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,采用扩展强度指数、紧凑度指数、象限分割方法研究了泰安市建成区1979—2006年的时空扩展变化特征及形态模式。结果表明,泰安市建成区自1979年以来呈现快速扩展趋势,建成区紧凑度指数呈现逐渐下降趋势。对自然和社会经济发展资料分析后认为,泰山对建成区北部的扩展形成天然屏障,而其他方位的快速扩展与泰安市固定资产投资、旅游业发展和人口增长等社会经济发展因素具有密切联系。针对紧凑度指数逐渐下降趋势,提出今后泰安市城市建设应当在城市合理布局的前提下,进一步加强土地的集约利用。     

煤巷掘进过程中粉尘浓度影响因素分析

为了掌握煤巷掘进过程中粉尘浓度变化的影响因素,根据气固两相流理论,针对矿井掘进工作面的特点,采用计算流体力学的离散相模型（DPM）考察了掘进巷道风速、风筒直径、风筒出风口到掘进工作面距离以及风筒的悬挂高度对粉尘浓度变化的影响。结果发现：当掘进巷道风速为0.25-4 m/s时,提高巷道内的通风风速,可以降低巷道内的粉尘浓度,缩短呼吸性粉尘浓度达到稳定的时间,减小工作面粉尘的危害;有利于通风除尘的风筒相关参数为风筒直径0.4-0.6 m、风筒出风口到掘进工作面距离6-7 m、风筒悬挂高度2.0-2.2 m。     

"The little squealer" or "the virtual guardian angel"? Young drivers' and their parents' perspective on using a driver monitoring technology and its implications for parent-young driver communication

Introduction

In-vehicle driving monitoring technologies have the potential to enable young drivers to learn from self-assessment. However, their use is largely dependent on parental involvement.

Method

A total of 79 interviews were conducted with young drivers and parents regarding this technology and its use. Most had the experience of having an in-vehicle data recorder installed in the vehicle driven by the young drivers. Parents and the young drivers expressed both appreciation as well as reservations about its potential as a means to enhance the driving safety of young drivers.

Results

A surprising finding was that some parents did not check the feedback and said they relied on the young driver to do so. Main concerns related to privacy, parent-young driver relationship, self-esteem and confidence, constructive use of the feedback data, and the limitations of the documentation that can be done by the technology.

Conclusions

Providing parents and young drivers with a support system and tools to discuss and utilize the feedback are underscored. Challenges include addressing the invasion of young drivers’ privacy and gender differences, and using the monitoring-capacity of the technology to enhance safe driving practices. Implications for programs to enhance communication and a dialogical approach between parents and young drivers are discussed.     

过水性湖泊水质长期演变趋势及驱动因素：以骆马湖为例

过水性湖泊——骆马湖是南水北调东线工程的重要调蓄湖泊,具有防洪抗旱、饮用水供给和生态维护等多种功能.为了解骆马湖水质演变及驱动因素,基于2009～2020年长序列逐月实测数据,结合1996～2008年历史资料,分析了骆马湖总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)等指标的长期演变、季节动态和空间格局,探究了气象和水文因子对湖泊水质的影响机制.结果表明,近25年来,骆马湖水质总体处于Ⅳ～劣Ⅴ类.ρ(TN)变化明显(1.06～3.49 mg·L^-1),历经波动下降(1996～2002年)、显著的年际波动(2002～2015年)和显著上升(2015～2020年)这3个阶段,是骆马湖的主要污染因子.高锰酸盐指数显著下降(2.97～6.38 mg·L^-1),ρ(TP)和ρ(NH⁺₄-N)波动相对较小,分别介于0.024～0.076 mg·L^-1和0.11～0.69 mg·L^-1. 2017～2020年夏...     

宁武亚高山湖泊细菌群落的时空格局及驱动机制

受人类活动和气候变化的影响,亚高山湖泊生态系统日趋退化,导致微生物群落生物多样性和结构改变.本研究以宁武亚高山湖泊公海(GH)水体细菌群落为研究对象,通过Q-PCR和DGGE技术分析了不同季节和不同深度的水体中细菌群落多样性分布格局,探究细菌群落的时空动态及其多样性维持机制.结果表明,温度(T)、酸碱度(p H)、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、盐度(SAL)和铵态氮(NH4+)在每个月的不同采样深度间均有显著差异.细菌群落丰度具有明显的时空动态,其中8月的丰度最高,11月最低;在水体中层(2、4和6 m)的丰度较高,表层和底层(0 m和8 m)相对较低.细菌群落α多样性指数在各月份和不同深度间均有显著性差异,从4～12月整体上呈现先减少后增加的趋势.相似性分析(PERMANOVA)结果表明,不同深度之间细菌群落的空间分布格局明显不同(P 0. 001).冗余分析(RDA)和方差分解(VPA)结果表明在不同深度下,细菌群落多样性格局是环境选择和扩散限制共同作用的结果,但是环境选择的相对作用更强,其中水体无机氮(NO3-、NO2-和NH4+)浓度是主要的影响因子.总之,宁武亚高山湖泊公海中细菌群落多样性有明显的时空分布格局,环境选择作为主要因素驱动了细菌群落的多样性格局.     

基于地理探测器的中国国家级开发区时空演化过程及其驱动力研究

各种类型的开发区是我国改革开放的“试验田”和经济快速发展的重要空间载体,其空间分布格局一直是国内外关注的热点问题,但对其中长时间尺度的空间演化过程研究相对较少,而后者是理解中国经济空间演化的重要基础。运用最邻近指数、核密度指数和地理探测器等方法,总结了中国国家级开发区空间演化的过程及其驱动力因子。研究的主要结论是：各类国家级开发区的时空演化经历了三个阶段,即起步试点阶段、稳步推进阶段和快速推广阶段;政策上实现了从试点探索到面上推广;空间上呈现出从东部沿海向沿江、沿边以及内陆不断拓展,从东部向中西部推进,从省会城市向地级市递进的特征;开发区的时空演化格局是距离、城市等级、经济实力、开放程度等因素综合作用的结果,其中城市等级、开放程度和经济发展水平是核心影响因子,距离和经济密度是次级影响因子;不同类型的开发区核心驱动因子既存在共同性,同时因为定位、功能不同也具有差异性。